Oxygen Suppy Strategies of Vascular Plants, cont.

• Structural adaptations

a. Aerenchyma

b. Special organs or responses

i. Adventitious roots

ii. Stem elongation

iii. Lenticels

iv. Pneumatophores

c. Pressurized gas flow

• Physiological adaptations
  a. Anaerobic respiration
  
  b. Malate production

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